Overview
This article examines why both elites and citizens in Zambia continue to view democracy as the most legitimate political system despite periodic backsliding. Drawing on interviews, historical analysis, and survey evidence, it argues that legitimacy is rooted in experiential factors that make democratic rules the default arena for competition. It highlights five reinforcing pillars: (1) regular, competitive elections that have repeatedly produced alternation of power, underpinned by a military that refrains from political intervention; (2) the open presence of political parties that mobilize support and offer credible paths to power and elite circulation; (3) a robust civil society that defends constitutional norms and compels presidential compromise, exemplified by campaigns against third-term and constitutional overreach; (4) critical independent media that expand accountability and provide platforms for opposition and civic voices; and (5) a liberal constitutional framework that enshrines multiparty politics and civil rights, with 2016 amendments strengthening electoral thresholds and party provisions. Together, these dynamics sustain elite and popular buy-in to democratic procedures, help explain recurring peaceful transfers of power, and distinguish Zambia’s experience within the African region.